Logrithmic Integral
Logrithmic Integral
$$\int^{\pi}_{0}x^2\ln(\sin x)dx$$
- Grigorios Kostakos
- Founder
- Posts: 461
- Joined: Mon Nov 09, 2015 1:36 am
- Location: Ioannina, Greece
Re: Logrithmic Integral
Using that the Fourier series of $\log(\sin{x})$ on $(0,\pi)$ is(*) \begin{align}
\log(\sin{x})=-\log2-\mathop{\sum}\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{\cos(2nx)}{n}
\end{align} then \begin{align*}
\int_{0}^{\pi}x^2\log(\sin{x})\,dx&\stackrel{(1)}{=}\int_{0}^{\pi}\Big(-x^2\log2-\mathop{\sum}\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{x^2\cos(2nx)}{n}\Big)\,dx\\
&=-\log2\int_{0}^{\pi}x^2\,dx-\int_{0}^{\pi}\mathop{\sum}\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{x^2\cos(2nx)}{n}\,dx\\
&=-\frac{\pi^3\log2}{3}-\mathop{\sum}\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}\Big(\frac{1}{n}\int_{0}^{\pi}x^2\cos(2nx)\,dx\Big)\\
&=-\frac{\pi^3\log2}{3}-\mathop{\sum}\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}\Big(\frac{1}{n}\frac{\pi}{2n^2}\Big)\\
&=-\frac{\pi^3\log2}{3}-\frac{\pi}{2}\mathop{\sum}\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n^3}\\
&=-\frac{\pi^3\log2}{3}-\frac{\pi}{2}\,\zeta(3)\,.\end{align*}
(*) which is not easy to prove! So, I hope that someone else will give a simpler solution.
\log(\sin{x})=-\log2-\mathop{\sum}\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{\cos(2nx)}{n}
\end{align} then \begin{align*}
\int_{0}^{\pi}x^2\log(\sin{x})\,dx&\stackrel{(1)}{=}\int_{0}^{\pi}\Big(-x^2\log2-\mathop{\sum}\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{x^2\cos(2nx)}{n}\Big)\,dx\\
&=-\log2\int_{0}^{\pi}x^2\,dx-\int_{0}^{\pi}\mathop{\sum}\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{x^2\cos(2nx)}{n}\,dx\\
&=-\frac{\pi^3\log2}{3}-\mathop{\sum}\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}\Big(\frac{1}{n}\int_{0}^{\pi}x^2\cos(2nx)\,dx\Big)\\
&=-\frac{\pi^3\log2}{3}-\mathop{\sum}\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}\Big(\frac{1}{n}\frac{\pi}{2n^2}\Big)\\
&=-\frac{\pi^3\log2}{3}-\frac{\pi}{2}\mathop{\sum}\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n^3}\\
&=-\frac{\pi^3\log2}{3}-\frac{\pi}{2}\,\zeta(3)\,.\end{align*}
(*) which is not easy to prove! So, I hope that someone else will give a simpler solution.
Grigorios Kostakos
Re: Logrithmic Integral
The Fourier series is the way to go here. Recall that
$$\cos(2kx) = \dfrac{e^{i2kx} + e^{-i2kx}}{2}$$
Hence,
\begin{align*}
\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \dfrac{\cos(2kx)}k
&= \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \dfrac{e^{i2kx} + e^{-i2kx}}{2k}
\\&= \dfrac12 \big(-\log (1-e^{i2x} )-\log (1-e^{-i2x} ) \big)
\\&= - \dfrac12 \log \big(2 - 2\cos(2x) \big)
\\&= - \dfrac12 \log\big(4 \sin^2(x)\big)
\\&= - \log 2 - \log\big(\sin(x)\big)
\end{align*}
and the result follows. The rest is history.
$$\cos(2kx) = \dfrac{e^{i2kx} + e^{-i2kx}}{2}$$
Hence,
\begin{align*}
\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \dfrac{\cos(2kx)}k
&= \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \dfrac{e^{i2kx} + e^{-i2kx}}{2k}
\\&= \dfrac12 \big(-\log (1-e^{i2x} )-\log (1-e^{-i2x} ) \big)
\\&= - \dfrac12 \log \big(2 - 2\cos(2x) \big)
\\&= - \dfrac12 \log\big(4 \sin^2(x)\big)
\\&= - \log 2 - \log\big(\sin(x)\big)
\end{align*}
and the result follows. The rest is history.
$\displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n^s}= \prod_{p \; \text{prime}}\frac{1}{1-p^{-s}}$
Re: Logrithmic Integral
Thanks kostakos and Riemann
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