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Contour integral

Posted: Sun Sep 22, 2019 5:29 pm
by Riemann
Let $f$ be analytic in the disk $|z|<2$. Prove that:

$$\frac{1}{2\pi i} \oint \limits_{\left | z \right |=1} \frac{\overline{f(z)}}{z-\alpha} \, \mathrm{d}z = \left\{\begin{matrix} \overline{f(0)} & , & \left | \alpha \right |<1 \\\\ \overline{f(0)} - \overline{f\left ( \frac{1}{\bar{\alpha}} \right )} & , & \left | \alpha \right |>1 \end{matrix}\right.$$

Re: Contour integral

Posted: Sun Apr 10, 2022 6:24 am
by Tolaso J Kos
It follows from Taylor's theorem that $f(z)=\sum \limits_{n=0}^{\infty} c_n z^n$ and that the convergence is uniform. Thus,

\begin{align*} \frac{1}{2\pi i }\oint \limits_{|z|=1} \frac{\overline{f(z)}}{z-\alpha} \,\mathrm{d}z &=\frac{1}{2\pi i }\oint \limits_{|z|=1} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{\overline{c_n} \bar{z}^n}{z-\alpha} \,\mathrm{d}z \\
&= \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{\overline{c_n}}{2\pi i }\oint \limits_{|z|=1}\frac{ \bar{z}^n}{z-\alpha} \,\mathrm{d}z \\ &\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\overset{\left | z \right |=1\Rightarrow \bar{z}^n = \frac{1}{z^n}}{=\! =\! =\! =\! =\! =\! =\!=\! =\!=\!}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{\overline{c_n}}{2\pi i }\oint \limits_{|z|=1}\frac{1}{z^n(z-\alpha)} \,\mathrm{d}z
\end{align*}

On the other hand we have that $\displaystyle \mathfrak{Res} \left( \frac{1}{z^n(z-\alpha)};\alpha \right) = \frac{1}{\alpha^n}$ και για $n \geq 1$ έχουμε $\displaystyle \mathfrak{Res}\left( \frac{1}{z^n(z-\alpha)};0\right) = -\frac{1}{\alpha^n}$ since

$$\frac{1}{z^n(z-\alpha)} = -\frac{1}{\alpha z^n} \frac{1}{1-z/\alpha} = -\frac{1}{\alpha z^n}\left(1 + \frac{z}{\alpha} + \frac{z^2}{\alpha^2} + \cdots \right)$$

If $|\alpha|<1$ then $\alpha$ lies inside the disk $|z|=1$ and the integral equals $\overline{c_0} = \overline{f(0)}$ whereas if $|\alpha|>1$ then $\alpha$ lies outside the disk $|z|=1$ and hence:

\begin{align*}
\frac{1}{2\pi i }\oint \limits_{|z|=1} \frac{\overline{f(z)}}{z-\alpha} \,\mathrm{d}z &= -\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{\overline{c_n}}{\alpha^n} \\ &= \overline{c_n} - \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{\overline{c_n}}{\alpha^n} \\
&= \overline{f(0)} - \overline{\left ( \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{c_n}{\bar{\alpha}^n} \right )}\\
&= \overline{f(0)} - \overline{f\left ( \frac{1}{\bar{\alpha}} \right )}
\end{align*}